rugby league and union

The claim that rugby union has a greater scope for the contest of possession is not supported by the results of a statistical study of international rugby union matches between 1982-4 and 2002-4 that was commissioned by rugby union's world governing body, the IRB, entitled Changes in the Playing of International Rugby over a Twenty Year Period. The study reported that in the 2000s:
• 13 out of 14 times the side in possession retained the ball at the breakdown.
• 9 times out of 10 the side in possession retained the ball at the scrum.
• 8 times out of 10 the side in possession retained the ball at the line-out.
The report concluded that "the contest for possession is largely predictable if not almost wholly guaranteed". The report also found that while in the 1980s teams in possession lost the ball to their opposition on average once every six breakdowns, by the 2000s possession was won by the defending team on average once every twenty-three breakdowns. In comparison, rugby league's six tackle rule results in a more even division of possession despite fewer opportunities to contest it.
The laws of rugby league football have been gradually changed to encourage a faster, more spectator-friendly sport.[4] As a result of the absence of the aforementioned mauls, rucks and line-outs, there are fewer stoppages of play in rugby league, with the ball typically in play for 50 out of the 80 minutes, compared with around 35 for professional rugby union. This, combined with the fact that thirteen rugby league players must cover the field of play as opposed to union's fifteen, implies that rugby league is the more aerobically demanding of the two sports, while contesting for the ball allows for more physical contact in rugby union. Rather than focussing on contests for possession of the ball, rugby league's rules have become orientated to promoting the contests of player against player and team against team with good passing, angles of running and organised defences the focus. Rugby league is thus simpler and easier for spectators to understand than rugby union. The laws of rugby league are consequently fewer, comprising 21,000 words compared to 35,000 for union.
Thirteen-man rugby league has shown itself to be a faster, more open game of better athletes than the other code. Rugby union is trying to negotiate its own escape from amateurism, with some officials admitting that the game is too slow, the laws too convoluted to attract a larger TV following.
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Tackling

Tackling

In both games it is permitted to bring down the player in possession of the ball and prevent them making forward progress.

In rugby league a play the ball takes place after each tackle.

In rugby union, play does not stop when a player is forced to the ground in a tackle, as the tackled player must immediately play the ball, and the tackler must roll away, which will generally mean a ruck will form.

In both games, tackling or interfering with a player who is not in possession of the ball is not permitted. In rugby union, charging or pushing an opponent in possession (e.g. by using the shoulder only) is not permitted. Tacklers must try to grasp the ball-carrier and bring them to ground.

Rugby league allows an opponent to be charged (e.g. by using the shoulder only). Using the shoulder in rugby league is often considered a 'big hit'.

Tripping with the leg is not allowed in either code. However, in rugby league, if a tackling player has both hands on the ball carrier, he is allowed to use his legs to bring him to ground.

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Comparison of rugby league and rugby union.

Comparison of rugby league and rugby union.

In English rugby football, towards the end of the 19th century, a schism developed over the way the sport was run, one of the major disputes was between those who favoured strict amateurism and those who felt that players should be compensated for time taken off work to play rugby football. This resulted in the breakaway of several leading clubs and their formation of a new governing body in 1895, the Northern Rugby Football Union, and in time a new sport, rugby league football.

Since the 1895 schism, changes have taken place to the laws of both rugby union and rugby league football so that now they are distinct sports.

A distinction often cited is that rugby league has shed from its laws several opportunities for possession to be contested that rugby union has retained: contesting the ball after the tackle, on the ground in rucks and in mauls. Additionally, rugby league uses a scrum to restart the game in those situations where rugby union uses a line-out. Though rugby league scrums are sometimes claimed to be uncontested, the laws provide for contested scrums should the non-feeding team attempt to contest the ball, though for several reasons a convention of lenient enforcement is in practice.
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pocession change

Possession may change in different ways in both games:-
1. When the ball is kicked to the opposing team, this can be done at any time but it is normal to punt on the last tackle in rugby league.
2. Following an unsuccessful kick at goal.
3. When an opposing player intercepts a pass.
4. When the player in possession drops the ball and it is recovered by an opposition player.
5. The opposition are awarded a scrum if the player in possession drops the ball forwards or makes the ball go forwards with any part of his body other than his feet. This is called a knock-on. In rugby league, scrums are not contested and the side awarded the scrum almost always gains possession from it; the purpose is to restart the game with a good chance for open play as nearly half the players are concentrated in one spot. In rugby union, scrums are contested (i.e. each pack pushes against the other), and it is possible (but unusual) for the side awarded the scrum to lose possession. This is becoming rarer and rarer as union referees are starting to ape their league counterparts in turning a blind eye to crooked put-ins.[dubious – discuss]
6. In rugby league if the ball goes out of play, the opposition are awarded a scrum. If this is from a kick going into touch on the full this is called ball back and the scrum is formed where contact with the ball was made. Otherwise, under recent rule changes, the scrum is formed 10m from the point of touch. Penalties and 40/20 kicks are exceptions to this rule. In rugby union a line-out (another static but hard-contested set piece) takes place instead.
7. In rugby league, an automatic handover takes place when the team in possession runs out of tackles.
In both codes, tactical kicking is an important aspect of play. So is tackling.
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scoring

Scoring
Union and league have the same ways of scoring, but there are significant differences in the points awarded, and there a few minor differences in the laws governing the scoring of tries.
The try (see the linked article for differences in the detailed laws applicable to scoring tries) is the main way of scoring in both codes, but is worth 5 points in rugby union and 4 points in rugby league. In both games, a conversion following a try is worth 2 points.
A drop goal is worth 3 points in union and 1 in league.
A penalty goal is worth 3 points in union and 2 points in league.
There is a perception that more drop goals are scored in rugby union, but in 2007 the rates were very similar: 0.2 per game in Super 14 and 0.19 per game in the NRL. However, it is worth noting that these statistics are for Southern Hemisphere competition only. In Northern Hemisphere rugby union competitions such as the Heineken Cup and the Guinness Premiership, drop goals are a far more frequent occurrence than in their rugby league counterpart. In the 2010 regular season the average of scored drop goals per game was 0.3 per game.
This difference in Hemispheres can be explained by the greater emphasis on defence in Northern Hemisphere rugby union coupled with the threat of relegation - drop goals have come to be viewed as "easy points" against defences that are increasingly harder to unlock.
It is a myth that many more penalty goals are scored in union. The 2007 Super 14 season averaged 4.4 penalty goals per game, equivalent figures for the NRL are not available, but an estimate yields less than 1 penalty goal per game. The Guinness Premiership stats for 2010 show an average of 4.99 goals per game.
In rugby union, a common tactic of the defensive side is to give away a penalty on their defensive tryline, to prevent a try from being scored. This means that the attacking side will often shoot for a penalty goal, as points are rare and should be taken at every opportunity. In rugby league, the defensive side must avoid a penalty, as this is likely to result in a repeat set for the attack and a greater chance of a try being scored.
Many more tries are scored in rugby league. Comparisons would tend to suggest rugby league games tend to involve an average of around 7-8 tries per game, while The Guinness Premiership stats for 2010 show an average of 4.5 tries per game. This is because of the rule changes which have occurred in rugby league to encourage open running and passing with the ball over competing for the ball which has lead to an increase in scoring of tries over goals.
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minor rule change

minor rule change

Until the professionalisation of rugby union, rugby league players have sometimes been regarded as more adept at a range of skills or roles in the game, whereas rugby union players are more specialised. For instance, props and hookers in rugby union tend to be among the physically strongest players with high levels of scrummaging and mauling skills, but (traditionally) with limited speed and ball-handling skills. In rugby league, props and hookers may be no slower or less adept at handling the ball than other players, but would not have the specialist skills of their rugby union counterparts. Similarly, locks in union tend to be very tall, as this helps at lineouts; while this is not a necessity for league second rows and may even be a disadvantage. Scrum-half is also a more specialised position in rugby union: the number 9 initiates most moves by his or her team and must be an excellent passer of the ball, whereas in rugby league it is common for any player acting as 'dummy half' to do so. However, since professionalisation, the fitness and skills of all players in all field positions in rugby union has increased greatly, so that top-class props and second-row forwards must now show considerable athleticism.
During the amateur era, many rugby union players crossed over and played professional rugby league. These days the flow at the top-flight is usually league to union. There has been some expansion of rugby league at lower levels with small numbers of union players are converting to league, but, with the exception of Crusaders (based in Wrexham, Wales), there are no major top-flight rugby league clubs in Wales, Ireland or Scotland, and Harlequins Rugby League (London) is the only top-flight English club outside the heartland of rugby league in the North. Players who achieve the feat of international rugby in both codes are known as dual-code internationals.
Both rugby union and league have club competitions and internationals, but international rugby union is on a much larger scale. The Six Nations, in which the home countries plus Ireland, France and Italy compete, is a huge television and commercial attraction, with cumulative crowds of over 700,000 per annum and an international TV audience measured in hundreds of millions. The Heineken Cup, involving French, British, Irish and Italian clubs, is extremely popular. The Rugby World Cup is now one of the biggest sporting events in the world, after the Olympics and the FIFA World Cup. The Southern Hemisphere nations of Australia, New Zealand and South Africa compete annually in the Tri-Nations, which is held every year. Argentina, another powerhouse of the game, is planning to join the Tri-Nations in 2012. The club game in the Southern Hemisphere consists of national competitions in all three countries, along with the Super 14, a franchise based competition which is competed in the Tri-Nation countries, with four or five franchises per country. The smaller Southern Hemisphere states, of the Pacific Islands, play their own tournaments, the Pacific Rugby Cup for clubs, with two franchises from Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa each; and the Pacific Nations Cup, between Fiji, Tonga, Samoa and Japan, and sometimes the Junior All Blacks (the New Zealand 2nd XV), The New Zealand Maori (a team of New Zealanders of Maori descent), or Australia A (the Australian 2nd XV). Argentina does not participate in any annual competition at either club or international level.
Rugby league international competitions are generally on a smaller scale, and attract smaller global interest, and unlike in union, most competitions are dominated by Australia. Nevertheless, within their heartlands, rugby league continues to remain popular and forms part of the culture of Australia, Northern England, the North Island of New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and parts of southern France. In response to Rugby Union's successful Six Nations tournament, Rugby League established, in 2005, originally a Tri-Nations and now an annual Four Nations tournament (with the exception of World Cup years). This post-club season competition rotates between northern and southern hemispheres and automatically includes Australia, England and New Zealand. Since 2009, the southern hemisphere Four Nations includes the winner of the Pacific Cup, and the alternating northern hemisphere competition includes the winner of the European Nations Cup. The most recent fourth nations to qualify for this tournament in the northern and southern hemisphers, have been France and Papua New Guinea, respectively. Rugby League's World Cup, most recently played in Australia in 2008, in fact pre-dates the Rugby Union World Cup. The next Rugby League World Cup is scheduled to be played in the United Kingdom in 2013, with at least 16 nations set to qualify. Rugby League, while globally well behind Rugby Union in terms of player registrations, is growing, and is considered to be the fastest growing sport in France, Wales, and outside of its heartland areas in Australia, England and New Zealand.
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minor differnce in rule

Other minor differences in the rules
The laws of rugby league specifically outlaw the so-called 'voluntary tackle': players are not allowed to go to ground unless they are effectively tackled by an opponent, though in practice this rule is rarely applied. There was no equivalent law in rugby union, in the past going to ground with the ball and protecting it was practised, but in the modern game deliberately falling on the ground to gain an advantage is outlawed by Law 14: "The game is to be played by players who are on their feet. A player must not make the ball unplayable by falling down." A player who falls to ground with the ball or on it must immediately release or pass the ball, or get up with it. However, nowadays in the NRL competition, players are allowed to go to ground without any particular reason, with the referees calling "surrender" tackle when a player who voluntarily go to ground is touched by an opposing player. The defending player is more than likely to be penalised if he/she carries back the attacking player with the ball who's already on the ground.
In rugby league the ball may be thrown or knocked out of play deliberately while in union those are a penalty offences. Kicking the ball out of play is legal in both codes.
In rugby league, a tackle is deemed to be complete when the elbow of the arm holding the ball touches the ground, or the player is held in an upright tackle. The ball cannot be further advanced and a play-the-ball or handover must take place. In rugby union, a tackle is deemed to be complete when the player in possession is held on the ground; that player must play the ball (either releasing it, passing it, or if over the try line grounding the ball) immediately.
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cross code games

Cross-code games

In Australia in 1909, when the new "Northern Union" code was still in its infancy, a match between the Kangaroos and the Wallabies was played before a crowd of around 20,000, with the Rugby League side winning 29-26.

During World War two, the RFU relaxed its restrictions on rugby league players playing rugby union. In 1943, a Northern Command army rugby league side defeated a Northern Command union side 18-11 at Headingley under rugby union laws. The following year a Combined Services rugby league side beat a Combined Services union side 15-10 at Bradford again at rugby union. These were the only league v union matches played until 1996.

In 1995, rugby union voted to become a professional sport which opened further the possibility of matches between union and league teams.

In May 1996, Bath Rugby and Wigan RLFC, who were then England's top union and league sides respectively, made history by playing against each other at both codes of rugby. The first match was at Maine Road, Manchester and was played under league rules. Wigan beat Bath 82-6; then two weeks later the return match was held at Twickenham Stadium under union rules. The result this time: Bath 44, Wigan 19.

Since then many games have been played between union and league teams using the laws of one of the codes. Games have even been played under union laws during one half and league laws during the second.

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minor rules

minor rules

A player tackled just short of the try-line in rugby union can legitimately reach across it and place the ball down for a try. This is not allowed in rugby league unless the momentum of the player continues to take him over the line in one continuous movement. If the tackle is complete, such a move would constitute a 'double movement' and the try would be disallowed.

When taking free or penalty kicks with a 'tap and go' option, rugby league permits a stylised kick with the ball being tapped against the foot or lower leg while union requires the ball to leave the hands of the kicker. This difference in emphasis on a relatively trivial phase of play can be seen as indicative of the core differences between the games. In league, the kick is stylised as its purpose is to restart the game and to move to the run and tackle main play as quickly as possible. In union, where every phase of play has some element of competition, the trivial need to release the ball at any kick can result in a fumble that may give the opposition a chance to either contest possession or, if 'knocked-on', will cause them to be awarded a scrum.

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